Laminar flow defines the steady, orderly movement of a liquid in layers. Unlike turbulent flow, where particles move chaotically, laminar flow exhibits predictable patterns. This occurs when a fluid's rate is relatively low and the viscosity persists high. In such a scenario, each layer of liquid advances smoothly past its concurrent layer without

GPS spoofing is becoming a serious threat to security and safety worldwide. Attackers can manipulate GPS signals to deceive devices into believing they are in a different location, with potentially disastrous consequences. This technology can be used for nefarious purposes such as robbery, abduction, and even military operations. The increasing rel